ABSTRACT
A doença de Chagas ainda é uma doença tropical muito prevalente no Brasil. Pode apresentar duas fases (aguda e crônica) e exibe grandes repercussões, sobretudo as que envolvem o sistema nervoso periférico e/ou central. Com o aumento do número de pessoas vivendo em estado (transitório ou permanente) de imunossupressão, os casos de manifestações neurológicas por neurochagas aumentaram, e este tornou-se um importante diagnóstico diferencial com outras doenças oportunistas. Este artigo teve como objetivo revisar os principais aspectos clínicos e terapêuticos da doença de Chagas no sistema nervoso central.
Chagas disease is still a very prevalent tropical disease in Brazil. It can have two phases - acute and chronic and shows major repercussions, especially those involving the peripheral and/ or central nervous system. With the increase in the number of people living in the (transient or permanent) state of immunosuppression the cases of neurological manifestations of Chagas disease increased and this became an important differential diagnosis with other opportunistic diseases. This article aimed to review the main clinical and therapeutic aspects of central nervous system Chagas disease
Subject(s)
Humans , HIV Infections/complications , Central Nervous System/parasitology , Central Nervous System/virology , Chagas Disease/complications , HIV Infections/diagnosis , HIV Infections/physiopathology , HIV Infections/immunology , Central Nervous System/immunology , Chagas Disease/diagnosis , Chagas Disease/physiopathology , Chagas Disease/immunology , Chagas Disease/drug therapy , Diagnosis, DifferentialABSTRACT
O presente estudo propõe-se a identificar a prevalência do acesso a informações sobre como evitar problemas bucais entre escolares da rede pública de ensino, assim como os fatores associados a este acesso. Trata-se de um estudo transversal e analítico conduzido entre escolares de 12 anos de idade de um município brasileiro de grande porte populacional. Os exames foram realizados por 24 cirurgiões-dentistas treinados e calibrados com auxilio de 24 anotadores. A coleta de dados ocorreu em 36 escolas sorteadas das 89 escolas públicas do município. Foram conduzidas análises descritivas, univariadas e múltiplas. Dos 2510 escolares incluídos no estudo, 2211 relataram já ter recebido informações sobre como evitar problemas bucais. O acesso a tais informações foi maior entre os que utilizaram serviços odontológicos privado/convênio; e menor entre aqueles que utilizaram o serviço para tratamento, os que avaliaram o serviço como regular ou ruim/péssimo, os que utilizam como meio de higiene bucal somente escova dente/escova dente e higienização a língua e os que relataram não estarem satisfeitos com a aparência de seus dentes. Conclui-se que a maioria dos escolares teve acesso a informações sobre como evitar problemas bucais, o qual esteve associado a características dos serviços de saúde, comportamentos e desfechos de saúde.
The scope of this study is to identify the prevalence of access to information about how to prevent oral problems among schoolchildren in the public school network, as well as the factors associated with such access. This is a cross-sectional and analytical study conducted among 12-year-old schoolchildren in a Brazilian municipality with a large population. The examinations were performed by 24 trained dentists and calibrated with the aid of 24 recorders. Data collection occurred in 36 public schools selected from the 89 public schools of the city. Descriptive, univariate and multiple analyses were conducted. Of the 2510 schoolchildren included in the study, 2211 reported having received information about how to prevent oral problems. Access to such information was greater among those who used private dental services; and lower among those who used the service for treatment, who evaluated the service as regular or bad/awful. The latter use toothbrush only or toothbrush and tongue scrubbing as a means of oral hygiene and who reported not being satisfied with the appearance of their teeth. The conclusion drawn is that the majority of schoolchildren had access to information about how to prevent oral problems, though access was associated with the characteristics of health services, health behavior and outcomes.
Subject(s)
Humans , Animals , Mice , Autoimmune Diseases/immunology , Autoimmunity/immunology , Mast Cells/immunology , Multiple Sclerosis/immunology , Central Nervous System/immunology , Dendritic Cells/immunology , Self Tolerance , T-Lymphocytes/immunologyABSTRACT
Intrathecal synthesis of human T-lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1) antibodies (Abs) represents conclusive evidence of a specific immune response in the central nervous system of HTLV-1 associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis (HAM/TSP) patients. Western blotting (WB) for HTLV Abs in serum is a confirmatory test for HTLV-1 infection. The aim of this study was to standardise the Western blot to demonstrate the intrathecal pattern of Abs against HTLV-1 proteins in HAM/TSP patients. Paired cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and serum samples were selected from 20 patients with definite HAM/TSP, 19 HTLV-1 seronegative patients and two HTLV-1 patients without definite HAM/TSP. The presence of reactive bands of greater intensity in the CSF compared to serum (or bands in only the CSF) indicated the intrathecal synthesis of anti-HTLV-1 Abs. All definite HAM/TSP patients presented with an intrathecal synthesis of anti-HTLV-1 Abs; these Abs were not detected in the control patients. The most frequent intrathecal targets of anti-HTLV-1 Abs were GD21, rgp46-I and p24 and, to a lesser extent, p19, p26, p28, p32, p36, p53 gp21 and gp46. The intrathecal immune response against env (GD21 and rgp46-I) and gag (p24) proteins represents the most important humoral pattern in HAM/TSP. This response may be used as a diagnostic marker, considering the frequent association of intrathecal anti-HTLV-1 Ab synthesis with HAM/TSP and the pathogenesis of this neurological disease.
Subject(s)
Humans , Antibodies, Viral , Blotting, Western/standards , Central Nervous System/immunology , Human T-lymphotropic virus 1/immunology , Paraparesis, Tropical Spastic/immunology , Antibodies, Viral/blood , Antibodies, Viral/cerebrospinal fluid , Central Nervous System/metabolism , Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay , Gene Products, env/immunology , Gene Products, gag/immunology , Immunoglobulin G/blood , Immunoglobulin G/cerebrospinal fluid , Paraparesis, Tropical Spastic/blood , Paraparesis, Tropical Spastic/cerebrospinal fluid , Sensitivity and SpecificityABSTRACT
Invasion of the central nervous system (CNS) by microorganisms is a severe and frequently fatal event during the course of many infectious diseases. It may lead to deafness, blindness, cerebral palsy, hydrocephalus, cognitive impairment or permanent neurological dysfunction in survivors. Pathogens can cross the blood-brain barrier by transcellular migration, paracellular migration and in infected macrophages. Pathogens may breach the blood-brain barrier and be recognized by antigen-presenting cells through the binding of Toll-like receptors. This induces the activation of nuclear factor kappa B or mitogen-activated protein kinase pathways and subsequently induces leukocyte infiltration and proliferation and the expression of numerous proteins involved in inflammation and the immune response. Many brain cells can produce cytokines, chemokines and other pro-inflammatory molecules in response to bacteria stimuli; as a consequence, polymorphonuclear cells are attracted and activated, and release large amounts of superoxide anion and nitric oxide, leading to peroxynitrite formation and oxidative stress. This cascade leads to lipid peroxidation, mitochondrial damage and blood-brain barrier breakdown, contributing to cellular injury during neuronal infection. Current evidence suggests that bacterial CNS infections can play a role in the etiopathogenesis of behavioral disorders by increasing pro-inflammatory cytokines and bacterial virulence factors. The aim of this review is to summarize the current knowledge of the relevant pathophysiologic steps in CNS infections.
Subject(s)
Humans , Central Nervous System Bacterial Infections/complications , Mental Disorders/etiology , Bacteria/pathogenicity , Cell Death , Central Nervous System Bacterial Infections/physiopathology , Central Nervous System/immunology , Cytokines/physiology , Immune System/physiopathology , Immunity, Innate/immunology , Mental Disorders/physiopathology , NeuronsABSTRACT
En esta segunda parte del trabajo se focaliza en cómo los estrógenos, con sus diferentes concentraciones a lo largo de las distintas etapas de la vida, por su presencia o ausencia, vulnerabilizan a padecer determinadas patologías neuropsiquiátricas, así como también protegen de algunas otras. En este sentido, se considera que la patología de la mujer debería incluir profundos conocimientos sobre la implicancia que las hormonas sexuales tienen en el desarrollo de determinadas enfermedades neuropsiquiátricas. Se relevan también otros estudios sobre la administración de terapia hormonal de reemplazo, ya que son los procesos neurodegenerativos, como la enfermedad de Alzheimer, los que mayor lugar han tenido entre las investigaciones de las últimas décadas. Allí los resultados se vislumbran promisorios, pues la administración de estrógenos inmediatamente después de la menopausia revela tener efecto en la prevención del desarrollo de estos procesos, lo que no ocurre una vez iniciados los procesos neurodegenerativos. Se incluyen, a su vez, otros trabajos en otras patologías psiquiátricas, en donde se ha evaluado la eficacia de la prescripción de estrógenos, como ser en determinadas formas de depresión mayor (como coadyuvante), con buenos resultados. A pesar de los avances en el campo de la neurociencia y la influencia que ésta ha tenido en el conocimiento de las enfermedades psiquiátricas, es necesario proseguir con las investigaciones en donde se incluyan nuevos fármacos, como ser hormonas sexuales y SERMs, que seguramente traerán aportes promisorios en determinadas patologías neuropsiquiátricas.
The second part of the article focuses on estrogens, with their varying concentrations, throughout the different stages of life, which, whether by their presence or absence, predispose to suffering from certain neuropsychiatric diseases, just as they protect the individual from some others. In this sense, it is considered that female pathology should involve a deep knowledge on the impact that sexual hormones have on the development of certain neuropsychiatric diseases. The article also includes other studies on the administration of hormone replacement therapy, since it is neurodegenerative processes, such as Alzheimer's Disease, which occupied a leading place in investigations during the past decades. In such investigations, outcomes seem to be promising, since the administration of estrogens right after menopause demonstrates to have an impact on preventing the development of these processes, which does not occur once neurodegenerative processes have started. Also included are other investigations conducted on other psychiatric pathologies, in which the efficacy of prescribing estrogens, such as for certain forms of major depression (as adjunctive therapy) are evaluated, with positive results. Despite the advances in neuroscience and its influence on the knowledge of psychiatric diseases, it is necessary to continue preforming investigations that include new pharmacological drugs, such as sexual hormones and SERMs, which will possibly bring about promissory contributions to certain neuropsychiatric diseases.
Subject(s)
Humans , Depression/epidemiology , Hormone Replacement Therapy , Selective Estrogen Receptor Modulators/immunology , Panic Disorder , Seasonal Affective Disorder , Central Nervous System/immunology , Bipolar Disorder/epidemiology , Psychotic Disorders/immunologyABSTRACT
La reactivación de la enfermedad de Chagas (ECh) es infrecuente, produciéndose en pacientes con compromiso de la inmunidad celular. Afecta principalmente al sistema nervioso central (SNC), como masa ocupante o "chagoma", indistinguible de la toxoplasmosis cerebral u otras encefalitis necrotizantes. Materiales: se describen las características clínicas, epidemiológicas, y diagnósticas de los pacientes VIH/sida con reactivación de ECh en SNC, diagnosticados en nuestro hospital, entre 1991 y 2009. Resultados: los casos fueron 24, con 92 % hombres y la mediana de edad 31 años, con adicción a drogas endovenosas en 88 %. Todos los pacientes habían residido o viajado a zonas endémicas para Ch. La mediana en años desde el diagnóstico de VIH fue 2. El recuento de linfocitos CD4 fue menor a 100 cél/mm3 en el 64 %. La serología para Ch fue reactiva en el 95 %; detectándose parasitemia en el 75 % por método de Strout, y tripomastigotes en LCR enel 71 %. Todos tuvieron localización en SNC como masa ocupante. La signosintomatología de presentación más frecuente fue déficit neurológico focal en 75 % y cefalea en 50 %. Recibieron tratamiento específico para Ch con benznidazol el 66 % (16 pacientes), y sólo 5 respondieron favorablemente. Se realizó necropsia en 6 pacientes. La mortalidad global fue 87,5 %. Conclusión: En pacientes VIH/sida con masa ocupante cerebral, se debería considerar la reactivación de ECh, intensificando la búsqueda de tripomastigotes en sangre y LCR. El número de casos descrito en el presente trabajo representa la serie más grande de encefalitis chagásicas en pacientes VIH/sida hasta la fecha.
Reactivation of Chagas Disease (American Trypanosomiasis) is an uncommon event, althoug it is observed in patients with cellular immunity involvement. It affects CNS producing a cerebral tumor like wound called "chagoma" undistinguishable from cerebral toxoplasmosis or others necrotizing encephalitis. methods: We describe clinical, epidemiological and diagnostic characteristics of patients with HIV-AIDS undergoing a reactivation of Chagas Disease (American Trypanosomiasis) asisted in our hospital between 1991-2009. Results: of a total of 24 patients, 92 % were male and the median age was 31 years, 88 % were IDU. All of them had lived or travelled to endemic areas of Ch D. The median time since HIV diagnostic was 2 years. We found that 64 % had a median CD4 T-cell count less than 100 cell/mm3; 95 % had positive serology for Trypanosoma cruzi. Parasitemia was detected by Strout method in 75 of them and Trypomastigote forms of the parasite were detected in cerebrospinal fluid in 71 % cases. All patients had neurological involvement as brain mass, and the most frcuent clinical manifestations was focal neurological deficit ( 75 %) and headache (50 %). From the total number of patients, 66 % (16 patients) were treated with bensnidazol and only 5 of them had a favourale response. Autopsy was donde to 6 patients confirming diagnosis. The global mortality rate was 87,5 %. Conclusion: In AIDS patients with cerebral tumor like lesion, a reactivation of Ch D should be considerer, that's why it is necessary to detect trypomastigotes in blood and CSF consecutive samples.
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Age and Sex Distribution , AIDS Serodiagnosis , Diagnosis, Differential , Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay , Chagas Disease/diagnosis , Chagas Disease/epidemiology , Chagas Disease/immunology , Endemic Diseases/prevention & control , Central Nervous System/immunology , Blotting, Western/methods , Leukocyte CountABSTRACT
The progressive increase in life expectancy of the world population has fostered a major concern in order to find effective avenues for diagnosis of treatment of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Even tough AD pathogenesis is still unclear, new advances have allowed to understand that exposure of individuals to a series of environmental risk factors, named to as damage signals, play a main role in triggering the disease. This is important for AD prevention but also for the search of new treatment approaches. Activation of innate immunity in the central nervous system (CNS), essentially microglial cells, appears to be a key element in the neurodegenerative pathway As a matter of fact, when microglia cells are exposed continuously to damage signals such as metabolites from conditions of hyperlipidemia, hyperglycemia, oxidative stress, head injury and trauma, recurrent infections, in addition to supramolecular aggregates such as tau filaments or b-amyloid oligomers, among other anomalous protein filaments, they respond by triggering the inflammatory cascade. On this basis, we have postulated the neuroimmunomodulation hypothesis for Alzheimer's Disease. Therefore, we postulates that a long-term activation of brain innate immunity by a converging set of damage signals constitute a unifying mechanism that triggers the inflammatory cascade, thus leading to irreversible alteration in the neuronal cytoskeleton. These concerted alterations in signaling mechanisms will lead in neuronal cells to a final common pathway, tau hyperphosphorylations, with the consequent self-aggregation of modified tau and formation of paired helical filaments (PHFs), as the main triggering event for neurodegenration in AD.
El constante aumento en la expectativa de vida en la población mundial ha incrementado la preocupación hacia la búsqueda de la comprensión de la Enfermedad de Alzheimer (EA), así como de su diagnóstico temprano y tratamiento. Actualmente la etiopatogenia que conduce al desarrollo de la EA es aún difusa, pero se ha llegado a comprender que la exposición a una serie de distintos factores de riesgo, o señales de daño, está asociada al desencadenamiento de la EA. Esto es muy importante no solo para la prevención de esta devastadora enfermedad sino también para la búsqueda de avenidas efectivas para su tratamiento. En efecto, la activación de la inmunidad innata en el sistema nervioso central (SNC), esencialmente por las células microgliales, son un elemento clave en el proceso neurodegenerativo, cuando éstas son expuestas por períodos prolongados a señales de daño. Entre éstas están la hiperlipidemia, hiperglicemia, estrés oxidativo, traumatismos, infecciones recurrentes, oligomeros de -amiloide, agregados de tau, entre otros factores, los que desencadenarían una respuesta pro-inflamatoria persistente que conduce a la cascada neurodegenerativa. En base a esto, hemos postulado la teoría de la neuroinmunomodulación en la EA, y proponemos que la activación a largo plazo del sistema inmune innato por un conjunto de señales de daño constituye un mecanismo unificado que gatillo, una cascada inflamatoria que conduce a alteraciones irreversibles en el citoesqueleto. Estos mecanismos anómalos de señalización molecular llevarían a una vía final común que es la hiperfosforilación de la proteína tau, su autoagregación y formación de los PHFs, como desencadenantes claves en la neurodegeneración y desarrollo de la EA.
Subject(s)
Humans , Alzheimer Disease/immunology , Inflammation/immunology , Central Nervous System/immunology , Cytokines , Immunity, Innate/immunology , Microglia/immunology , Neuroimmunomodulation , Neurofibrillary Tangles/immunology , Precipitating Factors , Risk Factors , tau ProteinsABSTRACT
OBJETIVO: Trabalhos de pesquisa provenientes do campo da neuroimunomodulação vêm tornando explícitas as intrincadas relações existentes entre o sistema nervoso central e o sistema imune. Uma revisão bibliográfica foi realizada com o objetivo de descrever as bases de estudo da neuroimunomodulação. MODELOS EXPERIMENTAIS: Sabe-se, hoje, que estados emocionais como ansiedade e depressão são capazes de modificar a atividade do sistema imune como também o fazem o estresse e fármacos com ação no sistema nervoso central. COMPORTAMENTO DOENTIO: Os comportamentos apresentados por um organismo doente devem ser encarados como decorrência de estratégias homeostáticas de cada indivíduo. POSSÍVEIS MECANISMOS DE SINALIZAÇÃO DO SISTEMA IMUNE PARA O SISTEMA NERVOSO CENTRAL: Grande destaque tem sido atribuído para a participação do eixo hipotálamo-pituitária-adrenal, do sistema nervoso autônomo simpático e das citocinas nas sinalizações entre o sistema nervoso central e o sistema imune. CONCLUSÃO: O presente artigo pretende mostrar a relevância dos fenômenos de neuroimunomodulação; ele faz uma análise crítica das influências do sistema nervoso central sobre o sistema imune e vice-versa.
OBJECTIVE: Several papers arriving from the neuroimmunomodulation field are showing the relevant relationships between the nervous and the immune systems. A review of studies was carried out to describe the bases of the studies on neuroimmunomodulation. EXPERIMENTAL MODELS: It is clear nowadays that emotional states such as anxiety and depression change immune system activity, an affect also observed after both stress and use of nervous system acting drugs. SICK BEHAVIOR: The behavior displayed by sick organisms might be thought as being a consequence of homeostatic strategies. POSSIBLE MECHANISM OF THE ACTION BY MEANS OF IMMUNE SYSTEM TO NERVOUS SYSTEM: A very big emphasis is being given to Hipothalamus-pituitary-adrenal axis, simpathetic nervous system and cytokines participation on nervous system and immune system relationships. CONCLUSION: The present revision intend to show some essential studies in the neuroimmunomodulation field; it makes a critical analysis of the mutual relationships between nervous system and immune system.
Subject(s)
Animals , Humans , Central Nervous System/physiology , Immune System/physiology , Neuroimmunomodulation/physiology , Stress, Physiological/immunology , Central Nervous System/immunology , Central Nervous System/physiopathology , Cytokines/immunology , Depression/immunology , Hypothalamo-Hypophyseal System/immunology , Immune System/immunology , Immune System/physiopathology , Models, Animal , Pituitary-Adrenal System/immunology , Stress, Psychological/immunology , Sympathetic Nervous System/immunologyABSTRACT
Se pasa revista a una serie de trabajos que muestran concomitancia de factores de estrés, presión psicosocial, duelo, etc., en la producción de enfermedades orgánicas. Los estudios en dermatología y oncología requieren de mayor profundización en un campo que puede significar un nuevo camino para la medicina.
Subject(s)
Psychoneuroimmunology/trends , Neuroimmunomodulation , Stress, Physiological , Central Nervous System/immunologyABSTRACT
Cytokines are molecules that were initially discovered in the immune system as mediators of communication between various types of immune cells. However, it soon became evident that cytokines exert profound effects on key functions of the central nervous system, such as food intake, fever, neuroendocrine regulation, long-term potentiation, and behavior. In the 80's and 90's our group and others discovered that the genes encoding various cytokines and their receptors are expressed in vascular, glial, and neuronal structures of the adult brain. Most cytokines act through cell surface receptors that have one transmembrane domain and which transduce a signal through the JAK/STAT pathway. Of particular physiological and pathophysiological relevance is the fact that cytokines are potent regulators of hypothalamic neuropeptidergic systems that maintain neuroendocrine homeostasis and which regulate the body's response to stress. The mechanisms by which cytokine signaling affects the function of stress-related neuroendocrine systems are reviewed in this article.
Subject(s)
Humans , Axis, Cervical Vertebra/physiology , Central Nervous System/physiology , Endocrine System/physiology , Hypothalamic Hormones/physiology , Immune System/physiology , Interleukin-1/physiology , Adrenal Glands/physiology , Adrenal Glands/physiopathology , Axis, Cervical Vertebra/physiopathology , Central Nervous System/immunology , Central Nervous System/physiopathology , Hypothalamo-Hypophyseal System/physiology , Hypothalamo-Hypophyseal System/physiopathology , Hypothalamus/physiology , Hypothalamus/physiopathology , Pituitary Gland/physiology , Pituitary Gland/physiopathology , Pituitary-Adrenal System/physiology , Pituitary-Adrenal System/physiopathologyABSTRACT
Las infecciones del sistema nervioso central(SNC)pueden presentarse como lesiones ocupantes seudotumorales con efecto de masa,principalmente en pacientes inmunosuprimidos,pudiendo ser la primera manifestación de la enfermedad.La mayoría de los casos publicados corresponden a adultos especialmente dentro de la población HIV.En un contexto clínico adecuado,lesiones de tipo tumoral en las neuroimágenes,deben plantear el diagnóstico diferencial con patología infecciosa.Nuestro objetivo es describir los hallazgos clínicos y de neuroimágenes de 16 pacientes con infecciones intracraneanas a forma seudotumoral que requieren cirugía con presunción diagnóstica de lesión neoplásica.En nuestra serie de 1.0005 lesiones expansivas intracraneales neuroquirúrgicas,excluyendo inmunosuprimidos,trasplantados y HIV conocidos(con riesgo potencial de absceso cerebral)se diagnosticaron en 16 biopsias cerebrales(1,6 por ciento)Infecciones por protozoarios(enfermedad de Chagas:2,toxoplasmosis:3,uno de ellos asociado a Mycobacterium avium intracellulare,amebas de via libre:2)cestodes(Cysticercus cellulosae:2,quiste hidiatídico Echinococcus granulosus:4 y tuberculomas:3.En casos clínicos estudiados y seleccionados algunas observaciones pueden ayudar a evitar procedimientos invasivos del SNC así como modificar la táctica y técnica quirúrgica
Subject(s)
Child, Preschool , Child , Adolescent , Central Nervous System/immunology , Central Nervous System/pathology , Central Nervous System Infections/surgery , Central Nervous System Infections/pathology , PediatricsABSTRACT
La aracnoiditis es un proceso inflamatorio proliferativo no específico que produce un espectro de cambios patológicos que comprometen principalmente los elementos intratecales y conduce a un proceso de enfermedad permanente capaz de causar dolor intratable y deficit neurológico. Puede estar causada por la introducción de la sustancia irritativa de un cuerpo extraño en el espacio subaracnoideo, como: agentes terapéuticos (metrotraxato, antibióticos, etc.), contaminantes químicos (antisépticos), trauma con desgarro dural (sangrado subaracnoideo), tumores que invaden la aracnoides, infecciones en la columna espinal, sangre en el espacio subaracnoideo, sangrado en el momento de la cirugía, parches de sangre epidurales, mielitis aséptica transversal, tinturas solubles en aceite utilizadas para los mielogramas (por ej., iofendilato), algunas tinturas solubles en agua (metrizamida) y trauma quirúrgico (lesión directa a las estructuras neurales). Cuando se utilizan epiduralmente, son seguros los esteroides sin preservativos. La confirmación del diagnóstico de aracnoiditis puede obtenerse mediante RMN (que es el mejor método) de diagnóstico; en ciertos casos pueden ser útiles las radiografías planas de la columna, la exploración por TC, los potenciales somatosensoriales evocados selectivos, EMG y mieloscopía. El estilo de vida de los pacientes con aracnoiditis adhesiva se ve gravemente afectado con el progreso de los síntomas y las discapacidades. Un diagnóstico precoz en este grupo de pacientes le permite al médico tratante establecer cuánta aracnoiditis adhesiva es responsable de los síntomas, porque a menudo otras causas coexistentes deterioran la evolución y el pronóstico de dicha enfermedad. Son necesarios los programas específicos para la rehabilitación psico-social de los pacientes. Las medidas para tratar estos pacientes permitirán al menos una recuperación parcial de sus actividades sociales. Se requiere un esfuerzo multidisciplinario para resolver la complejidad de las manifestaciones de la aracnoiditis adhesiva, así como otras condiciones patológicas frecuentemente asociadas con ésta. Actualmente, la prevención es el objetivo primordial.
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Arachnoiditis , Arachnoiditis/diagnosis , Arachnoiditis/etiology , Arachnoiditis/pathology , Arachnoiditis/psychology , Arachnoiditis/rehabilitation , Arachnoiditis/therapy , Central Nervous System/immunology , Fibrosis , Myelography/adverse effects , Myelography , Narcotics/administration & dosage , Pain, Intractable/therapy , Spinal Nerve Roots , Adrenal Cortex Hormones/therapeutic use , Constipation , Depression , Chronic Disease/therapy , Prognosis , Tomography, X-Ray Computed , Urinary Bladder, NeurogenicABSTRACT
No abstract available.
Subject(s)
Humans , Animals , Central Nervous System/virology , Central Nervous System/pathology , Central Nervous System/immunology , Cytokines/metabolism , Cytokines/immunology , Demyelinating Diseases/virology , Demyelinating Diseases/immunology , Disease Models, Animal , Inflammation/virology , Multiple Sclerosis/virology , Multiple Sclerosis/immunology , T-Lymphocytes/immunology , Theilovirus/pathogenicity , Theilovirus/immunologyABSTRACT
Multiple episodes of blood-brain barrier disruption were induced by sequential intraspinal injections of ethidium bromide. In addition to the barrier disruption, there was toxic demyelination and exposure of myelin components to the immune system. Twenty-seven 3-month-old Wistar rats received 2, 3 or 4 injections of 1 mul of either 0.1 percent ethidium bromide in normal saline (19 rats) or 0.9 percent saline (8 rats) at different levels of the spinal cord. The time intervals between the injections ranged from 28 to 42 days. Ten days after the last injection, all rats were perfused with 2.5 percent glutaraldehyde. The spinal sections were evaluated macroscopically and by light and transmission electron microscopy. All the lesions demonstrated a mononuclear phagocytic infiltrate apparently removing myelin. Lymphocytes were not conspicuos and were found in only 34 percent of the lesions. No perivascular cuffings were detected. In older lesions (38 days and older) they were found only within Virchow-Robin spaces. This result suggests that multiple blood-brain barrier disruptions with demyelination and exposure of myelin components to the immune system were not sufficient to induce an immune-mediated reaction in the central nervous system.
Subject(s)
Animals , Rats , Female , Blood-Brain Barrier/immunology , Demyelinating Diseases/chemically induced , Demyelinating Diseases/immunology , Ethidium/toxicity , Multiple Sclerosis/immunology , Nicotinic Antagonists/toxicity , Spinal Cord/immunology , Central Nervous System/immunology , Central Nervous System/pathology , Demyelinating Diseases/pathology , Ethidium/metabolism , Injections, Spinal , Lymphocytes/ultrastructure , Microscopy, Electron , Multiple Sclerosis/pathology , Myelin Basic Protein , Nicotinic Antagonists/metabolism , Rats, WistarABSTRACT
O envolvimento da doença do enxerto contra o hospedeiro crônica (DECH-C) no sistema nervoso central tem sido especulado. Há uma série de semelhanças clínicas e fisiopatológicas entre DECH-C e doenças auto-imunes, o que leva a questionar sobre a síntese intratecal de imunoglobulinas. Este estudo avalia esta síntese, em particular durante a DECH-C, de forma quantitativa, a fim de observar sua incidência e possível fisiopatologia. Foram estudadas amostras pareadas de LCR e soro de 33 pacientes com leucemia mielóide crônica submetidos a transplante de medula óssea (TMO) alogênico, com doador aparentado, HLA idêntico. As amostras foram coletadas nos períodos pré TMO, pós TMO e concomitante à DECH-C. Näo foi evidenciada produçäo intratecal de IgG ou IgA nas várias fases do TMO. Apenas casos isolados evidenciaram síntese, inclusive de IgM, durante a DECH-C.
Subject(s)
Female , Humans , Middle Aged , Adult , Bone Marrow Transplantation/immunology , Graft vs Host Disease/cerebrospinal fluid , Immunoglobulins/analysis , Central Nervous System/immunology , Chronic Disease , Graft vs Host Disease/immunologyABSTRACT
Se estudiaron 25 pacientes HIV positivos/SIDA asintomáticos y sintomáticos, a través del estudio de casos y controles aplicando un protocolo previamente establecido, que incluyó información concernientes a datos de afiliación, factores de riesgo, síntomas neuroautonómicos a través del interrogatorio dirigido por el médico evaluador, y luego un examen neurológico que incluyó fundamentalmente pruebas neuro-autonómicas como: Ortostatismo, examen cardiovascular a través del RINES VALCARDI, variaciones del volumén y de la pared de la vesícula, evidenciadas a través del ultrasonido previo y posterior a la ingestión del alimento Byden. Así mismo, se evaluaron las funciones mentales superiores, a través de la prueba de Folstein y el estadio de la enfermedad, de acuerdo a la clasificación CDC. En este grupo de pacientes se encontró un rango para edad promedio de 30 a 39 años, con media aritmética de la edad de 32,92, el grado de instrucción fue secundaria completa en el 44, mientras que la distribución por sexo mostró 80 de hombres y 20 mujeres. En cuanto a los factores de riesgo se encontró que el 48 fueron homosexuales, 28 heterosexuales promiscuos y el 24 bisexuales. Los pacientes infectados tenían un 60 en el contaje de CD4, correspondiente al estadio 3 de la enfermedad. El grupo control estuvo integrado por individuos VIH negativos que fueron comparables en sexo y edad con los casos. Se encontró en forma significativa la presencia de síntomas neurovegetativos, sobre todo en el sistema exocrino y cardiovascular. De igual manera, se observó una respuesta alterada al realizar las pruebas de ortostatismo en un 48. La prueba de RINES VALCARDI, resulto ser altamente significativa con una p<0.01, lo cual demuestra la utilidad de su aplicación en estos pacientes, pudiendose implementar como evaluación clínica en todo paciente HIV positivo/SIDA. La prueba de Folstein, se encontró también alterada en forma significativa (48). Por último en la evaluación del volumen de la vesícula posterior a la ingestión del alimento Boyden, no se encontró alteración a los 30 minutos y/o 60 minutos, así como tampoco se evidenció cambios significativos en el grosor de la pared
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Adolescent , Central Nervous System/immunology , HIV/immunology , Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome/complications , Autonomic Nervous System/immunologyABSTRACT
Se presenta el reporte de un caso clinico de un quiste hidatidico de localizacion espinal extra-dural a nivel toracico, con la presentacion clinica apariencia radiologica, el tratamiento quirurgico y la apariencia histologica de la lesion
Subject(s)
Humans , Female , Central Nervous System/cytology , Central Nervous System/physiology , Central Nervous System/immunology , Central Nervous System/blood supply , Central Nervous System/metabolism , Central Nervous System/pathology , Echinococcosis, Hepatic/complications , Echinococcosis, Hepatic/diagnosis , Echinococcosis, Hepatic/physiopathology , Echinococcosis, Hepatic/metabolism , Echinococcosis, Hepatic/pathology , Echinococcosis, Hepatic/prevention & control , Myelography/adverse effects , Myelography/history , Myelography/standards , EchinococcusABSTRACT
Genetically homogeneous and heterogeneous mouse populations were tested for resistance to experimental street rabies virus infection and their ability to synthesize interferon (IFN) during the infection. The genetically heterogenous HI mouse population was highly resistant (12 per cent mortality), and the genetically homogeneous BALB/c and C3H mice as well as the genetically heterogeneous Sw and LI mouse populations were susceptible (60 to 71 per cent mortality). The genetically homogeneous A/J mice were highly susceptible (85 per cent mortality) to experimental street rabies infection. The ability of these mice to synthesize IFN as measured in serum 4 days after the infection was directly related to the degree of resistance, with the highly resistant HI mice showing large amounts of IFN (850 U/ml), and the susceptible mice showing low amounts of IFN (50 to 280 U/ml). IFN induced within the central nervous system and measured in brain homogenates during infection was not correlated with resistance. The present data suggest that high levels of IFN occurring in serum early during infection with street rabies virus contribute to the resistance of these mice